Title: QUAL
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QUAL and the Dynamics of Evolution 

CS. H. DETRE
Hungarian Geological Institute, Budapest, Stefánia út 14., Pf. 106, H-1442, Hungary
(Recieved July 25, 1992) 

World Futures Vol. 37, pp. 163-172, 1993. 
Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, USA.

ABSTRACT: The emergence of the first structures that are capable of „replication” is a mysterious problem of evolution. The majority of the scientists dealing with evolution agree ont the point that this is the very property that differenciate animate and inaminate beings. The main purpose of the present paper is to prove that the phenomenon of replication cannot be forced into frames of the Bios, but is an inherent attribute of the material, and the biological replication is a more advanced and perfect manifestation of this attribute.

The cohesion and resistance, in a general sense, is the attribute of any material system, i.e. it is an attribute of coexistence that makes possible its life. This may be the property that was identified as a Jacob Böhme’s mystic concept „Qual”. The self-preservation, the cohesion in a general sense is manifested against the different destructive effects by scattering the „attacked” system into successor systems. This process makes possible for the different successive systems to get among other, differing circumstances than they were before the destructive forces began to exercise their impact. These other circumstances however include the possibility of the emergence of other systems of interrelatedness, and the successive system may become different from the parent system. The multiplication and scattering, due to the impact of destruction, at the same time increase the system’s surface of interaction, and this leads to an organization of higher level.

KEYWORDS: cohesion, replication, „Qual” (Jakob Böhme), autogenesis, ontogenesis, phylogenesis

Evolution, according to the most generalized definitions, is a process when existing beings of lower grade of evolution become more advanced, and those of higher rank of evolution deteriorate.

In the real, materialistic world no existing system can be found for which this „law of evolution” cannot be extended. This view, however, is frequently contradicted, first of all for the reason that it is impossible to create a higher rank-lower rank universal system of values. Advocates this view state that speaking of evolution in general terms is more illusion only, or more precisely it is a wicked mysticism.

Ideas like this have their roots in the evolution of the mechanistic world image of the modern times. This way of thinking discarded the concept of lower or higher rank of evolution because it was against the religion-base hierarchy (eschatology) that placed God to the top, and all the external beings had their eternal, predeterminded positions at different distances from the top. This mechanistic attitude evolved in order to facilitate the pragmatic cognition of he world. A world was born then, the parts of which are equivalent, and can be equally studied. This is the cosmic image of the bourgeoisie that overthrew feudalism and all its ideological superstructure.
It is, perhaps, one of the greatest paradoxon int he history of ideas that the starting the scientific exploration of the evolutional processes taking place int he universe just coincided with the theologicians’ discarding the principle of higher and lower ranks, and with the emerging of the mechanistic interpretation of the world, accepting only the equal ranks. The human beings, although through the scientific revolution taking place int he modern ages, took the first steps to become cosmic agents, and still, due to the mechanistic ideas they one of the anonymous, characterless factors of the universe.

Evolving of the mechanistic theories, at the beginning of the modern ages became a revolutionary paradigm, i.e. it stated that each component of the world is of equal rank since their cognition is equally possible. This way of thinking, first of all due to the evolution theories emerging together with the 20th century scientific views, can be classed into the history of science, or can be, simply considered as a maniac attitude.

In the evolution process it is impossible not to use categories for value judgement, first of all that of the only existing being, man, whose feed-back expresses by the judgement reflects the distance, i.e. the higher or lower rank of the object. The human being is the only definitive point on the scale of judging higher or lower ranks because all the knowledge collected by man, as a social creature, on the universe prove that he is, among the existing creatures, of the highest rank. Evolution theories of scientific claims are the human-size revealutions of the universe aimed at inserting man, as the higher-lower rank measurement device in the frame universe. Protegoras’ famous principle (homo mensura) stating that man is the etalon for everything (pantoon khrematoon metron anthroopos) by the emerging of a universal evolution theory, was newly born on materialistc basis.

The higher rank a system achieves, the quicker it develops, and the more visible its development. That is why mankind experienced the evolution in case of the two highest rank basic quality, i.e. the human society and the bios. Further cognition led to the learning of evolution and lower and lower ranks. The possibility of creating a model illustrating the theory of cosmic evolution has emerged, and this model introduces the evolution of the universe as a uniform genetic family tree (dendron model: see Detre 1985, 1986). This family tree is the manifestation of the only materialistic substance and the genetic unity of the universe. The only and endlessly long trunk of this family tree is the symbol of the process that from the infinively primitive rank of the infinite past leads to the infinite heighths of the infinite future, and where, for the moment, the human society is the peak. Each existing object is represented by the infinite number of branches that, however, are of different life-span. Continous scientific exploration of the universe leads to the better knowledge of the seemingly chaotic, still unknown natural processes, and all the existing objects will find their proper place on the genetically uniform family tree on the top of which, from cosmical point of view, the mankind is positioned for the moment.

After a brief discussion of the concept of evolution the dynamic problems of evolution will be treated.

A much discussed problem of the evolution is the emergence of the structures capable for the first „replication”, i.e. the appearance of the self-reproducing molecules. Most of the experts agree that this is the very just property that distinguishes the living from the lifeless, i.e. that is why it is the most reliable „differentia specifica” of life.

In the followings, by getting rid of the rigid or just spontaneous categories of the literature, by hylosoistic means, and hopefully in an extremely provocative manner we study the phenomenon called „replication” by the biology, that is it really a conceptual aeidos that cannot be classified as conceptual genos, i.e. expressed in the language of ontology can it be restricted within the framework of the Bios.

For the concept of the replication we accept the definition given by Csányi and Kampis (1985): Replication is a process where a constructor has the necessary information concerning the goods to the produced in any form, creates a product the structure (organization) of which is the same and that of the constructor. Related to the emergence of self-producing structures, i.e to the autogenesis, the aitological doubt immediately rises: what reasons led to the formation of these properties and what functions these properties had.

Each landmark in the evolutional history, the progressive phases are the result of force, determining the only direction upwards. (Detre 1982a, 1985, 1986) Now this progression forces will be used from the aspects of „replication”:

-	why is it on a higher level as compared to the properties of the prebiotic levels
-	At that scale this phenomenon is of higher rank.
-	Where the boundary lines of Csányi’s and Kampis’ above cited and accepted conceptual definition can be drawn.
-	
One thing is, however, obvious: no evolutional level marking attribute or, simply nothing may exist that has no historical roots, although maybe the procedure is something else but genetically it is consistent, and that is why it is quantitatively alalogons, too. The biotic replication, here, may not be an exception earlier. In the followings are shall also discuss that what phenomena could be the antecedents of the biotic replication and what causal chains led to its emergence. The biotic replication is considered to be the highest rank, most characteristic appearance as inherent attribute of the real world.

The attribute of any materialistic system is the cohesion and resistance in a quite general sense, that is a consistent attribute scurring its existence.

This may be the property called „Qual” by Jacob Böhme. (see Fahrer, 1857).

It is still to be considered if the category of „struggle for life” should be extended to the whole Material,  as inherent attribute. And it is not mysticism. The things considered mystic are those very hidden properties that can be found int he Material as universe, or at least at its several organizational levels. A large part of the mysticisms, sooner or later, can be explained in some realistic and materialistic manner. Therefore the view is too narrow-minded that think the analogons of the features chracteristic of certain organizational levels seem to appear on other levels, mysticism. By the way, the results of such views, in a negative sense are the „social-darwinism”, „biologism”, „hylosoism”.

The self-maintenance, the cohesion in a general sense is manifested against the different destructive impacts in a manner that the „attacked” system is scattered into succeeded systems.

The system of succession offers the possibility for the different successor systems, to get into different conditions from the environments of destructive impacts. This transplantation into a new environment may lead to the development of new systems of interaction and the successor may gain the possibility for the alteration from the predecessors.

Scattering of future generations is not only a characteristic feature of living structures. This replicative phenomenon is the inorganic wolrld is most characteristic int he field of crystal growth (Haeckel, 1917). A greatly similar phenomenon to the biological replication can be found in case of the montmorillonite clay minerals (Weiss, 1977, 1981). Similar processes can be observed in the world of rocks (Rundkvist, 1965) and they may be, with great possibility, observed in motions of planetary, astral and galactic types. (Ambertsumyan, 1973).

All these processes were excellently described by Haeckel (1917) treating the problems also from biological points of view.

It can be concluded, anyhow, that the higher organizational order a system has, the more able it is for replication, that is for producing successive generations. The replicative mechanism of the Bios is a revolutionary new manifestation of the self-preservation of the material in a more efficient way.

The lower-rank system breaks up for successors and the generations are getting farther and farther from each other. The replication capability of these successors, by applying Csányi’s (1989a) scale with degrees ranging  between 0-1 values, is rather small. In case of higher rank systems, like e.g. the Bios, the self-maintenance and the cohesion in a general sense are of such a high level that the successive generations are nearly self-reproducing, that is there is an autogenesis.

The system capable for higher rank replication can be, however, broken down to non-replicative sections. The higher rank has the system the more destructive external intervention is required for eliminating the quantitative integration of the given system. An exploded supernova or a weathered rock are not able for real replication during their genesis because  of their inherent, rather primitive structure. The genesis of a higher rank living creature may be realized in several ways. The genesis of the highest rank biological organisms is manifested in the specific biological genesis and the advanced level of replicative autogenesis.

The determination of the level of the capability for replication on a given scale is rather subjective. Its reason is the infinite number of organizational levels within the system that are of different suitability for reproduction.We think that the index criteria of the basic organizational levels are characterized by the highest rank typical genesis form, that is the most perfect replication and the manner of the reproduction of successors. That is why people believe that the autogenesis can be exclusively restricted to the Bios, although the genesis of different levels reliability, by using an expression taken from the physics, in an immeasurable term.

The determinative factor of evolution is the continous improvement of the replication process considering also the dialectic aspect that there is a possibility for the successive generations for achieving ever increasing quantitative divergence. In this dual system the Hegelian „Aufheben” appears in a most general sense (Detre, 1986). Within the sphere of the living organisms the reproductive mechanisms like the gene structures and the formation of the sexes refer to the reinforcement of the dialectic duality. The acceleration of the evolution is just the result of the dual mechanism of the replication-divergence in the course of the process of phylogenesis.

Autogenesis is the result of self-reconstruction trend as a reaction for the environmental provocations. This self-reconstruction is, however, never prfect i.e. a distributed system will be never perfectly rehabilitated. By abstract philosophical modelling the self-preservation is a cyclic phenomenon. It is, an inherent attribute for each existing being is the result of trying to achieve balance, i.e. it is due to the force of cyclicity. The more perfect is the cycle the more efficient is the self-preservation and cohesion and the system is not forced for the realization of self-reconstruction, that is for the autogenesis.

The cycle is strained of broken only due to external influences. Toward the higher ranks the cycles are increasingly open. While int he opposite direction they are ever more closer. In tihs way a perfectly closed cis approached with perfect self-maintenance and cohesion. Toward the higher ranks the falling into generation cycles is more frequent. The successive partial cycles do not let the closing down the greater cycle they are part of. In a contrary manner, they rather straighten it.

Characteristic feature of the motion patterns of organizational levels of lower ranks is the monocyclicity that provides high-scale, undisturbed self-maintenance and cohesion for the system. The existence of a lower-rank system is only one cycle, or the series of greatly analogous cycles following each other almost in a successive genetic manner. Here the „ontogenesis” can be hardly distinguished from „phylogenesis”. Of course, the infinitely immanent complicated features of the systems are present also here. Any system includes an infinite member of hierarchically organized horizons of different cycle dynamisms.

The cyclicity, the self-preserving cohesion is present at any organizational level but the higher rank the system is, the better it is characterized by the progressive irreversibility and not by the „treadmill” of the primitive material. The motion of the ideally infinitely low-rank system is the perfect cycle while that of the ideally highest rank ones is the complete irreversibility or, symbolically, the linearity.

Progression of the cycles, their opening is realized in a manner that from the original cycle, before its closing down, new cycles emerge. The successive cycles coming form each other meaning the ontogenesis of the different generation are not closing cycles, i.e. they are irreversible processes. Accordingly, the closure of the cycles is made impossible by the ever newly appearing successive cycles. This process is proved by the phenomenon that the chronological overlapping of the existence of the generations towards the higher ranks is increasing. For these reasons the higher-rank structures are more complicated. (Detre, 1976). The increasingly complicated nature of the structures increase the dynamism of evolution as self-generating process (Detre 1982a, 1982b, 1986). At higher organizational levels historicism became more expressed including the variety of irreversible successive episodes. When investigating the phylogenesis of materials the most primitive nuclei and electrons are considered history-free by certain physicists (see Detre, 1986).

The replication process was initiated by the need for immanent cohesion within a fight against external forces for existence and survival of the broken process. Successors of the broken-up cycle, by their re-deformation, i.e reversibility are greatly similar to the source-cycle, i.e. their replicative features are obviously present.The repliction can be considered as the result of a disturbed cohesion, that of the disequilibrum, re-equilibrum, i.e. an attempt for the recostruction of the native state, the constant pains the Qual, the Material for the survival.

By fracturing into replicatice generations the higher rank system strives for stabilization also within the inseparable higher rank system while in the lower rank stable structure, in the monolithic system undivided both space and time the higher ranking, dynamic, and just for these reasons, the qualitively differentiated environment is not required. Such a system is „broken” upon the impulses of the dynamic environment with only a minimum level of replication. We sholuld always keep in mind that the basic criteria of the higher ranking classification are the large-scale variety in time and space and the flexible reaction against external impacts. The guarantee for this flexibility is just the distribution for identical generations but a specific flexibility is always required for making possible the differentiation of the generations. The rapidly emerging evolutional situations provoke the conditions when the system, divided into generations, has successive generational stages where the degree of replication suddenly turns towards the 0 (zero) direction. By quoting of some of the ideas Lampedusa the system is able to survive only if it changes. Another factor reinforcing this conlusion is the evolutionary flexibility, i.e. the ability for changing. The „Qual”, the self-maintenance and cohesion force provokes these changes.

Partically, in our opinion, this is the general dynamic essence of evolution.

Concerning this statement the problems of organization and invariance arise. The evolution is an obviously organizational change of levels. (Maturana, 1981; Maturana and Varela, 1980). The certain consequent series of the changes of generations, the chlados is an integrated, time limited evolutionary system. Here it should be emphasized that the time is considered the same category as the development, i.e. evolution. Concerning this question, however, we do not wish to go into details within the present paper. (It is discussed in detalis by Detre/1976, 1986/). The basic reasons for the coincidence of these categories, however, are that no events may happen that are not the integral parts of the general trends of evolution, and also no evolution may take place without the time factor. An evolutional chlados a genetical sequence that, just because it can be evaluated as a homogenous process on basis of certain criteria, can be also considered as an invariant system. Any chlados should bear a certain invariant qualitative sequence and only the genetical series can be treated as a homogenous chlados where the presence of such a sequence can be proved. It may be also possible that the chlados may dominate any number of and greatly differing organizational levels. Separation of the organizational levels may appear as a significantly more subjective process than the reconstruction of the different chladoi. The forced division into replicative generations creates such a time-space structure that is able flexibility avoid the destructive, obstacling impacts thus increasing the inhomogeneity of the system and its structural complications. The generations thus emerged form an irreversible chain of processes an inverse ratio to the reliability of replication. These irreversible, and to a small extent replicative processes are called, altogether, phylogenetic processes. Accordingly, the phylogenesis is the nonreplicative component of the evolution, while the ontogenesis is the replicatice process. To put it in a more general way, the phylogenesis represents the totality of the irreversible phenomena, while the ontogenesis is the collective phrase for the irreversible processes.

These two processes markedly and spectacularly are seperated only at a higher level, that is on the organizational level of the Bios. For instance, in case of the rocks, only a general genesis can be observed though in the most dynamically developing chases, i.e. the sedimentary rocks, phenomena may be suspected that are considered by Rundkvist (1965) straightly as ontogenetic sequences of replicative type. It should be also remarked that just at higher levels, e.g. as a result of the more expressed genetic irreversibility in the Bios is that classical geochronology is in harmony practically with the biochronological scale. The biological, dynamic irreversible time-scale could be used as a much finer instrument than the significantly more reversible lithographic scale. However, in a time scale of proper size the irreversibility of any seemingly markedly rversible processes will appear. Here the several hundred million, or billion years old lithogenetic sequences, or the emergence of stars expressed by the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram can be mentioned that practically is the model of the evolutionary tree.

The replication, i.e. the integrated thread of the chladoi requires the information transfer as well. This, towards the higher ranks, is an increasingly complicated mechanism. It means that the transfer of more and more information is necessary for replicating the more complicated, higher rank systems. The cmplications and mechanism of the replicative-informative system is specific for any organizational level and represent one of the main criteria of the criteria of the standard of organization. This phenomenon is thorougly analyzed in Csányi’s study (1989a) and since our opinion is practically the same, here we shall not go into details. The degree of replication, in case of any newly formed organizational level is started by Csányi form 0 that value is later phases of evolution is approaching the nearly perfect replication, i.e. the value 1. We must also add that the 0 level is metastbilistic, an almost revolutionary situation, an evolutionary rapid state of the organizational break-through. Also we are to mention that the 0 situation is always valid only for the (approximately) top level and at the hierarchical structural levels making up the system of evolutionary situation we obtain both „downstairs” and „upstairs” a replicational identity value approaching the value of 1. Each system includes an infinite hierarchical sequence of organizational levels, and, accordingly, replicational mechanisms of infinitely varied identity. After all the principal essence of the mosaic type nature of the evolution is included in these factors. The upward growth of the replicative identity can be directly followed only in the Bios and the society and in its traces at the immediately prebiotic phases. These are the levels where the ontogenesis and phylogenesis can be markedly seen, i.e. let’s say that in case of the phanero-evolutional stages.

As an illustration, for example, we can say that in ourselves, in the Homo sapiens the eventless, cyclic and that is why stable microparticles lacking any irreversibility can be found. In their case, according to our present knowledge, it is impossible to speak of replication yet. At the same time, however, build up the inherent molecular biological organizational level having a large-scale replicative identity then our differentia specifica is based on this and the social levels extremely varied from the points of view of replication. (Concerning these phenomena we do not wish to go into details at present since detailed and acceptable evolutional-organizational sketch is given by Csányi (1989a, 1989b).

Creation of the generations providing for the self-preservation, the autopoiesis in time, that is the succession of generation are successive parts of the present system in time. The successive generations secure the ability for flexible counteraction for the whole system, as totality of the generations, against the destructive impacts. From the points of view of the evolution the destructive impacts are not quick enough to endanger only single generations but they are realized through a long chain of generations.

At any organizational level of material the „struggle for life” is going on also for that reason that the striving of the different systems for immanent selfpresentation, their „Qual” may be concurrent with other systems, and even it may have a destructive effect. It is not a „biologist” idea to be neglected. It only means that the relation mentioned above develops spectacular and complicated strategic systems only at the level of Bios. This, of course, during the sociogenesis becomes more expressed should it be strongly opposed by the „antisociodarwinists.” Naturally, the cooperation of the systems is an integral part of the „struggle for life.”

Certain systems, most expressedly at the highest rank basic organizational level, i.e. int he biological and social sphere have several parts capacle of independent life and by their scattering into „autoons” similar to the producers and by distribution into generations they can secure the survival of the system in its parts. Thus the impulse-absorbing surface of the system is inceased against the destructive effects. At the same time, the scattering against destruction and the multiplication the interactive surface of the system is also increased. The formation of the increased system of more manifold interaction means, at the same time, the achievement a higher organizational level. It is also an obvious proof for the fact that achieving each higher level in the course of the evolution is forced by the „crushing mills” of the destruction.

The distribution and scattering that, however, is influenced by the cohesion and the replicative force of the attribute of self-preservation may be called the changing of the generations visually can be modelled in an articulated system elongated in time and among the profile sections joints can be observed. The progress of such systems elongated in time becomes much more flexible as compared to the non-articulated ones and can avoid the destructive obstacles much easier. It means that the capacity for adaptation is increased.

The higher rank of organizational levels are studied the greater is the the ability for the division for generations. Accordingly, the higher rank systems can avoid the destructive obstacles more flexibly and that is why the higher rank systems are more varied also in time. Obviously, the division into generations is also first apparent at the biological basic organizational level, and this level can be considered the etalon of the other, first of lower rank organizational degrees. Implicitly it is also included in Csányi’s study. (1989a). It can be completed with phenomena of the social sphere like the generations with the different intellectual trends, the generations of the computers, and several other aspects could be also mentioned.

In the living world the manoeuvering among the destructive obstacles is expressed by the flexible ability for the adjustment in the selection. This abilityfor adjustment, the flexibility for adaptation lasts till the system elongated in time (e.g. biological species, higher taxa, or any type of coenosis) finally unavoidably crashers into some destructive obstacle that is simply unberable and results in exticnction. The last destructive threshold is that of the exterminator’s.

Division into generations, and the articulation in time, at the same time, include the possibility of selective changes, i.e. the generations, among different conditions and due to different systems of interaction are differentiated. Division in time and spce are inseparable processes.

Concerning the general succession of the systems Aristotle (Met. 11.2. 994b) writes the following: „When …something „becomes” something else … then one of the two is exterminated … transition of the first means the emergence of the other.” In reality, however, the metamorphosis of the systems is always finite process and does not take place in an infinitely small time interval. In the real world no perfect succession is possible.In the course of the process when the elements of the system are gradually transformed into the elements of a new system, there are always phases when the old and new elements can be paralelly found. Transformation of the elements and that of the elements of the elements is also a process of this type and it can be extended infinitely. When the proportion of the new elements achieve a certain limit the whole system appears as a new quality. Recognition of the „new quality” includes the total circle of the boundary problems in philosophy.Emergence of the new by means of extermination of the former one appear in the lower rank, first of all inaminate world. For intance, during the „coupling” process, practically within an infinitely short time, the electron and positron develops from the photon. In case of the chemical reactions the identity of the compounds is terminated, and, at least on molecular level, by the transition of the former one the new one emerges. The chemical reacions took place within well measurable time intervals. By the decay, „death” of the magmatic rock the „newly-born” sedimentary rock emerges through this process may take millions of years. The succession in the lower rank inaminate world is continously increasing, and in general the inaminate generation does not include the main quantitative characteristic features of the paternal system.

In the lower rank living world the multiplying by bipartition can be considered a process where the successors emerge by the extiction of the producer. In the animate world of higher rank birth of the new means the extinction of the parent to a much less extent, and the production of the successor does not endanger the life of the parent. New, more complicated mechanisms of the self-preservation of the system appears, for instance the caring about the successors. Practically, also these mechanisms are directed toward the harmonization of the generic succession contrary to the more primitive, sharper successive processes.

Decrease of the succession towards the higher ranks is equally relevant for the traditional „phylogenetic” processes, that is the for the succession of the species or higher taxa. The possibility of the coexistence and interaction of the parent and the successor increased and the increasing interaction dynamism provides the impulse for the accelerating process of evolution.

Beside the birth of the producer, the parent is preserved inwards the higher ranks in an increasing manner and achieves an increasingly great symbiosis with the new generation, although by this the dynamism of the separation of the generations is increased. The autogenesis of biological level differes form the self-preserving suffering, the „Qual” of the prebiotic level striving for an imperfect, scattered autogenesis of small replicative capability that there the successor can be separated from the producer, the parent in such a way that the former preserves its quality either as a complete unit, or in case of the primitive monoplasts after multiplying by bipartition in the size of the volume of the whole body it at least preserves its original quality. The „Aufheben” in the interrelatedness of the successive progressive generations becomes more expressed. The generations become increasingly similar but also more markedly different at the same time. The trend of the progressive development (evolution) is also the development of such a trend of greater qualitative diversity from which uniform systems appear in an increasing manner. The autogenesis and ontogenesis is a synonym sequence of the inherent attribute of the material, cover the duality of the coherence-divergence from the aspects of coherence while the phylogenesis is the judgement of the divergence aspect.

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